The purpose of sex education is to enable children to achieve physical and mental health and social well-being in the present and future. Proper planning and implementation can enhance ability of children to protect themselves, negotiate and fight for their sexual rights (UNESCO, 2010).

The Laoniu Brother & Sister Foundation hopes to explore the effective implementation method of sexual education for rural children through this research on sexual education of children in rural areas.

The second chapter gives a preliminary introduction to the background and methods of this study.

Chapter three combs the general situation of sexual and reproductive health of children in rural areas which can be presented by existing data.

In the fourth chapter, we discuss the conditions and conceptual limitations of sexual and reproductive health development of children in rural areas.

In the fifth chapter, compared with the concept of comprehensive sex education, we hope to explore the limitations of sex education of children in rural areas, such as absence or bias.

Finally, in the sixth chapter, we look for the promotion direction on sex education of children in rural areas from the perspectives of mode exploration, content development, resource integration and policy advocacy.

The following is excerpted from the Survey Report on Sexual Education of Children in Rural Areas.

The situation of sexual abuse of children. Sexual abuse of children refers to use children for sexual activities. Children can not give rational consent to such sexual activities. It violates social laws and social taboos. It is a sexual activity between a child and an adult or with another child in order to meet the needs of abusers. Child sexual abuse includes, but is not limited to, the following activities: seducing or forcing children to engage in any illegal sexual activity; using children for prostitution or other illegal sexual activities; using children for pornographic performances and production of pornographic materials (Chen Jingqi et al., 2014). According to the World Health Organization, child sexual abuse can be divided into three forms: non-contact (such as sexual threats, abusive sexual harassment, sexual persuasion, indecent exposure, exposure to pornographic films, etc.), contact but no sexual intercourse (such as abnormal touching, teasing, kissing children, etc.), contact and penetrating sexual behaviour (such as rape, sexual violence, etc.) (World Health Organization, 2017)

As for the incidence of these three types of child sexual abuse as a whole, the most frequently cited data is a study conducted in 2013, which concluded that the incidence of various types of sexual abuse including non-contact sexual abuse among girls and boys was 15.3% and 13.8% respectively (Ji, Finkelhor, & Dunne, 2013). According to the literature on the occurrence of sexual abuse in childhood, Chen Jingqi et al. measured the incidence of sexual abuse in males under 17 years old was from 10.2% to 23.0% and in females was from 14.2% to 25.5% (Chen Jingqi et al., 2014). In summary of the above data, the most conservative estimate is that at least one in ten boys or girls has been subjected to some kind of sexual assault.

In terms of gender differences in sexual abuse, the overall incidence of sexual abuse among women is higher than that of men. The proportion of children suffering from sexual abuse in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas, and the reported rate of child sexual abuse in restructured families is higher than that in nuclear families. The risk factors of child sexual abuse are frequent use of violence, bad habits, infirmity, family tension and so on by fathers and mothers (Chen Jingqi et al., 201). 4). It should be noted that the above statistical conclusions are based on the willingness and ability of respondents to acknowledge the occurrence of events. There are still many incidents which are difficult to break through "personal stain", "social scandal", "no access to ask for help", or hidden in the network of relationships including family members have not been revealed. They are even not effectively perceived or correctly understood by the parties and their guardians.(China Children and Teenagers' Fund& Social Public Welfare Research Center of School of Social Development and Public Policy of Beijing Normal University, 2013)

The paragraph one of Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that the state and society should protect children from any form of physical or mental abuse, injury or humiliation, neglect or carelessness, abuse or exploitation, including sexual abuse. Experiences of sexual assault and sexual abuse are closely related to a range of mental illnesses, bringing traumatic sexualization, betrayal, powerlessness and stigma to victims, which may continue for a long time and hinder the growth and development of children (Collin-V zina, Daigneault, & Hébert, 2013; Maniglio, 2009). At the same time, the study also shows that the risk of sexual intercourse among college students who have been subjected to childhood insertion sexual abuse increases significantly, and the unintended pregnancy and abortion rate among college students who have been subjected to contact sexual abuse are higher. Overall, the more severely sexual abuse occurs in childhood, the higher the incidence of risky sexual behavior and adverse reproductive health outcomes (Tang et al., 2018).

Problems and challenges exist in the actual implementation of sex education. 

In terms of social relations, there are misunderstandings about sex education among parents, teachers and other related parties.

In terms of mechanism, the common organized sex education based on "prevention", "restriction" or "protection" has its content and ideological limitations.

In terms of policy and system, in the process of sex education, there are some unclear responsibilities of relevant government departments and institutions, and the education model with sustainable development has not been developed.

The simplest goal of sex education is to help people understand their bodies, sexuality and love better, and to be more tolerant of different lifestyles. The ultimate goal of sex education will eventually be integrated into education. People will eventually find that what they are discussing is not sex, but pride and prejudice, longing and kindness, which is the value of people's view of the world and themselves (Wang Longxi, 2015). Sex is a core dimension of human beings, which is not only confined to the physiological level but also is closely related to rights and power, people's control over themselves, equality and respect, which runs through one's life and is closely related to one's well-being (UNESCO, 2010; UNESCO, 2018).

The public toilets in the rural areas without cover can be seen everywhere. Children are ignorant of their own bodies. Action is more important than sighing. When we were young, we often wrote "children are the future of our motherland and the hope of our nation" in the articles. Healthy growth for each child is very important. We should not miss the children living in the countryside and drifting away with their parents. With the help of this study, we hope to deepen our understanding of sexual and reproductive health status and obstacles of children in rural areas, to understand the current situation and shortcomings of sexual education available to children in rural areas, and to learn the experience of sexual education for children in rural areas to prepare for the follow-up policy promotion. In the final analysis, it is hoped to promote physical and mental health and social well-being of children in rural areas.

At the same time, we know that short-term research does not allow us to understand and realize the above issues better and it still has limitations. We hope that this report can be a guide to make sex education for rural children become a topic worthy of discussion, a hot topic of concern, an area that can attract more resources and support, and also hope to create a platform for local residents, front-line workers, and experts from relevant fields understanding these issues more participated in the dialogue, brainstorming and conspiring for sound strategies.